Used literature on the topic of alcohol intoxication clinic. Coursework: Alcoholism as a social problem

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Alcoholism and substance abuse. Ed. I. I. Lukomsky. M., 1968.
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Balyakin V. A. Toxicology and examination of alcohol intoxication. M., 1962.
Banshchikov V. M. Atherosclerosis of cerebral vessels with mental disorders. M., 1967.
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Borinevich V.V. Drug addiction. M., 1963.
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Demichev A.P. About reflex-motor disorders in patients with chronic alcoholism In the book: Alcoholism M., 1959. 111
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Zhislin S. G. Essays on clinical psychiatry. M., 1965.
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Zenevich G.V., Liebikh S.S. Psychotherapy of alcoholism. L., 1965
Kalinina N.P. The use of atropine in the treatment of alcoholic hallucinatory psychoses. In the book: Alcoholism. M., 1959, 417.
Karchikyan S. I Alcohol intoxication and the nervous system. L, 1959.
Clinic and treatment of alcoholic diseases. Materials of the scientific and practical conference of doctors from psychoneurological institutions in Moscow, edited by I. I. Lukomsky. M, 1966.
Konyachenko V. A. Alcoholism and internal diseases. M., 1956.
Kupriyanov A. T. On the issue of hyperthermia as a method of relieving binge drinking in outpatient practice. In the book: Pathogenesis and clinic of alcoholic diseases. M., 1970, 168.
Litvinov P.N. On the issue of the clinical picture and course of alcoholism at a young age. In the book: Questions of psychoneurology. M., 1965, 315.
Lityanovich A. A. Experience in using a “disguised” method of treating chronic alcoholism. In the book: Questions of clinical practice and treatment of mental illnesses. L, 1965, 85.
Lukomsky I.I. Organization and methods of treating patients with alcoholism. M., 1960.
Lukomsky I. I. Treatment of chronic alcoholism M, 1960.
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169.
Lukomsky I. I. The place of modern psychotropic drugs in the treatment of alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. In the book: Second All-Russian Congress of Neurologists and Psychiatrists (materials for the congress). M., 1967, 514.
Lukomsky I.I. Current state of the problem of alcoholism therapy. In the book: Questions of psychiatry. Vologda, 1968, 170.
Lukomsky I. I. The place of alcoholism in minor and major psychiatry. Journal neuropathol. and psychiatrist., 1969, 69, 6, 881.
Lukomsky I.I. On the issue of taxonomy of alcoholic psychoses. In the book: Pathogenesis and clinic of alcoholic diseases. M., 1970, 199.
Matveev V. F., Vorobiev V. S. Experience in treating patients with chronic alcoholism with large doses of metronidazole in a neuropsychiatric dispensary. Journal neuropathol. and Psychiatrist, 1969, 69, 6, 906.
Mikhailov V.V., Popov I.P, Shenderov B.L. Experience in the treatment of chronic alcoholism in a neuropsychiatric hospital. In the book: Questions of psychiatry and neuropathology. V. 5. L., 1959, 5.
Molokhov A N., Rakhalsky Yu E. Chronic alcoholism. M, 1969.
Nikolaev Yu. S., Nikolaeva V. M. Experience of fasting and dietary therapy for patients suffering from chronic alcoholism. In the book: Alcoholism. M., 1959, 337.
Nikolaev Yu. S. Fasting and dietary therapy for neuropsychiatric diseases. Treatment with dosed fasting (Instructional letter). M., 1970.
Nuller Yu. B. On the treatment of alcoholic psychoses complicated by somatic diseases with reserpine. In the book: Clinic and treatment of alcoholic diseases. M., 1966, 183.
Oganova N. N. On the issue of the clinic of chronic alcoholism in women. In the book: Clinic and treatment of alcoholic diseases. M., 1966, 75.
Organization of prevention and treatment of alcoholism in institutions of the general medical network. Ed. V. M. Banshchikov and I. I. Lukomsky M., 1960.
Pathogenesis and clinic of alcoholic diseases. Ed. I. I. Lukomsky. M., 1970.
Ponomareva N. A. On the treatment of tobacco smokers. Instructional and methodological letter. M., 1965.
Portnov A. A. Chronic alcoholism or alcoholic disease. In the book - Alcoholism. M., 1959, 53.
Portnov A. A. Alcoholism. M., 1962.
Portov A. A., Pyatnitskaya I. N. Clinic of alcoholism. L., 1971.
Posvyansky P. B., Sumter N. F. On the issue of side effects of long-term use of antipsychotics (mainly phenothiazine) on sexual function in psychiatric practice. In the book: Second All-Russian Congress of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists (materials for the congress). M., 1967, 532.
Alcoholism problems. Ed. G. V. Morozova. M., 1970.
Pyatnitskaya I. N. Alcoholism and barbiturism. In the book. Clinical issues, pathophysiology and treatment of mental illness. Lugansk, 1966, 198.
Ramkhen I.F. Relief of morphine withdrawal with curare-like and anticholinergic drugs. Methodical letter. M., 1965.
Ramkhen I. F. On the relief of withdrawal symptoms in some substance abuse disorders with anticholinergic and curare-like drugs. In the book: Questions of psychopharmacology. M., 1967, 275.
Richter G.E. Mental disorders in chronic alcohol intoxication. Kyiv, 1961.
Rozhnov V. E. Forensic psychiatric examination of alcoholism and other drug addictions. M., 1964.
Rozhnov V. E. Psychotherapy of alcoholism. In the book: Questions of psychotherapy. Moscow, 1966, 199.
Svininnikov S.G. On the issue of clinical characteristics of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. In the book: Alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. Moscow, 1963, 77.
Svininnikov S.G. On the role of thiol drugs (unithiol, dicaptol) in the treatment of alcoholism. In the book: Alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. M., 1963, 331.
Segal B. M. New method of combined anti-alcohol therapy. Journal neuropathol. and psychiatrist., 1959, 59, 6, 680.
Segal B. M. The use of methionine in alcoholism. In the book: Issues of exogenous and organic neuropsychic disorders. V. II. Moscow, 1964, 106.
Segal B. M. The use of thiol drugs (unithiol and dicaptol) in alcoholism. Instructional and methodological letter. Moscow, 1965.
Segal B. M. Alcoholism. M., 1967.
Smolentsev Yu. I., Tolpygo I. S., Tokareva I. D. Study of blood acetone in alcohol-antabuse and antabuse-food reactions. In the book - Materials of the conference on experimental psychiatry, dedicated to the memory of prof. M. A. Goldenberg. Novosibirsk, 1965, 82.
Sotsevich G. N. To the clinic of alcoholic delusions of jealousy. In the book: Alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. M., 1963, 130.
Strelchuk I.V. Clinic and treatment of drug addiction. M., 1956.
Strelchuk I.V. On the differentiation of chronic alcoholism and the development of a negative conditioned reaction to alcohol with the help of Lycopodium selyago. In the book: Alcoholism. M., 1959, 316.
Strelchuk I.V. On the effect of vitamin B12 (pangamic acid) on higher nervous activity in some pathological conditions of the brain. In the book: Twentieth meeting on problems of higher nervous activity. Theses and abstracts of reports. M. - L., 1963, 226.
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1966.
Strelchuk I.V. Intoxication psychoses. M., 1970.
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Travinskaya M. A., Kalyapin A. G. Treatment of chronic alcoholism and smoking with Carpathian sheep. Kyiv, 1966.
Udintseva-Popova N.V. On the issue of the clinic and pathogenesis of hangover syndrome In the book. Alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. M., 93.
Shelagurov A. A. Acute pancreatitis BME, ed. 2nd, 1961, vol. 23, stb. 9.
Entin G. M. On the effect of relapses of alcoholism after antabuse therapy on the vascular system. In the book: Alcoholism and alcoholic psychoses. M., 1963, 122.
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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

College of Agribusiness of the Transbaikal Agrarian Institute

Irkutsk State Agricultural Academy

in the discipline: "Fundamentals of sociology and political science"

on the topic: "Alcoholism"

Completed by: Student 421 gr.

Prostatin Mikhail Igorevich

Checked by: Butina N.A.

Introduction

1. Alcoholism is a social threat

2. Ways to solve problems of alcoholism

Bibliography

Introduction

Today Russia is on the path to becoming a civil, socially developed society. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russia is a social state, and in Russia the highest value is declared to be the person, his rights and freedoms (Articles 2, 7). The state assumes the responsibility for social protection of all citizens. Particular attention of the state's social policy is aimed at people who find themselves in difficult life situations, who need social assistance, who are less protected and vulnerable.

This is how the state fulfills its obligations in the field of social security and protection of people with disabilities, low-income people, orphans, homeless people, military personnel, single-parent families, etc.

Today in Russia there are many unresolved problems, periodically voiced in civil society, by the President in messages to the Federal Assembly, in scientific and journalistic literature, etc. Along with such problems as poverty, low living standards of the population, high crime rates, and an increased percentage of disabled people in Russians, there is a problem of alcoholism in the nation.

The problem of alcoholism in Russia, like most social problems, is systemic in nature, affecting all aspects of human life.

The problem of alcoholism in Russia, as an issue of national threat, was first voiced in the 90s of the twentieth century, when the percentage level of alcoholism in the nation reached 22.7% of the Russian population.

Today, issues related to the problem of alcoholism and ways to solve it are studied and discussed by specialists of various profiles and directions - from medical workers to law enforcement agencies and the president. Based on the fact that alcoholism is a systemic and multi-level problem, it is solved by medical, social workers, psychologists, social educators, and, of course, legislative and executive bodies.

I note the most important direction in the fight against the problem - social, public. Existing medical and social methods of diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of alcoholics are constantly being reformed under the influence of the evolution of the problem. Theoretical research on the topic of alcoholism is at a high level today.

They highlight important aspects of the problem, touching on the main ones - female, teenage, children's alcoholism, professional, household, etc.

In Russia, the problem of alcoholism begins to be scientifically studied in the 19th century by socially oriented St. Petersburg researchers; historically, Peter I was the first to carry out activities “to eradicate drunkenness,” like many other social reforms in our country.

For many years, centuries, the “burden” of getting rid of alcohol addiction lay on the shoulders of the church; later, closer to the 18th century, a secular character was felt in anti-alcohol policy.

1 . Alcoholism - social threat

Alcohol consumption is a mass phenomenon associated with such social categories as traditions and customs, on the one hand, and public opinion and fashion, on the other. Also, alcohol consumption is associated with the psychological characteristics of the individual, the attitude towards alcohol as a “medicine”, a warming drink, etc. Alcohol consumption in certain historical times has taken different forms: a religious ritual, a method of treatment, an element of human “culture”. (Lisitsyn, Yu.P. Alcoholism: medical and social aspects).

People often resort to alcohol in the hope of feeling a pleasant mood, reducing mental tension, drowning out the feeling of fatigue, moral dissatisfaction, and escaping reality with its endless worries and worries. Some people think that alcohol helps to overcome a psychological barrier and establish emotional contacts; for others, especially minors, it seems to be a means of self-affirmation, an indicator of “courage” and “maturity.”

For many centuries, a search has been carried out for the most effective means and methods of protecting people from the harmful effects of alcohol, various measures have been developed to eliminate the numerous harmful consequences of drunkenness and alcoholism, and, first of all, measures to save and return to normal life the ever-increasing number of victims of addiction to alcohol - patients with alcoholism. The centuries-old history of the anti-alcohol struggle has left many examples of the use of various measures for these purposes, including such radical ones as imprisoning drunkards, physically punishing them, putting them to death, a complete ban on the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, etc. alcoholism is a social cause of development

However, alcohol consumption continued to grow steadily, reaching new groups and segments of the population.

Today, the problem of alcoholism is unresolved both in the world and in Russia. Now in Russia there are more than 2 million citizens suffering from alcoholism, which takes this problem from the number of private, local problems into the realm of state problems; the problem of alcoholism has long turned into a large-scale medical and social threat to the Russian nation.

Alcoholism is a serious chronic disease, in most cases difficult to cure. It develops on the basis of regular and long-term use of alcohol and is characterized by a special pathological state of the body: an uncontrollable craving for alcohol, a change in the degree of its tolerance and personality degradation. For an alcoholic, intoxication seems to be the best mental state.

This urge defies reasonable reasons to stop drinking. An alcoholic directs all his energy, resources and thoughts to obtaining alcohol, regardless of the real situation (the availability of money in the family, the need to go to work, etc.). Once he has drunk, he tends to drink to the point of complete intoxication, to the point of unconsciousness. As a rule, alcoholics do not snack; they lose their gag reflex and therefore any amount of drink remains in the body.

In this regard, they talk about increased tolerance to alcohol. But in fact, this is a pathological condition when the body has lost the ability to fight alcohol intoxication through vomiting and other defense mechanisms.

In the later stages of alcoholism, alcohol tolerance suddenly decreases and in an avid alcoholic, even small doses of wine cause the same effect as large quantities of vodka in the past. This stage of alcoholism is characterized by a severe hangover after drinking alcohol, poor health, irritability, and anger. During the so-called binge drinking, when a person drinks every day, for many days, or even weeks, the pathological phenomena are so pronounced that medical assistance is required to eliminate them.

Researcher Martynenko in his work “Personality and Alcoholism” provides the most understandable definition of alcoholism.

Alcoholism is a pathological condition characterized by a painful addiction to drinking alcohol and damage to the body caused by chronic alcohol intoxication.

In Europe and America, alcoholism is the most common form of substance abuse. There is a direct connection between the amount of absolute alcohol consumed per capita per year and the prevalence of alcoholism in society. Thus, in France, the country with the largest amount of absolute alcohol consumed per capita (18.6 liters per year), the number of people suffering from chronic alcoholism is approximately 4% of the total population of the country and 13% of the male population (from 20 to 55 years old). In Canada, this number is closer to 1.6% of the total population. In Russia in 2005, the prevalence of alcoholism was 1.7% (1650.1 cases per 100 thousand population).

Alcoholism is a type of drug addiction. Its development is based on mental and physical dependence on alcohol.

Alcoholism can develop both under the influence of external and internal factors.

External factors include the characteristics of a person’s upbringing and residence, the traditions of the region, and stressful situations. Internal factors are represented by a genetic predisposition to the development of alcoholism. At the moment, the existence of such a predisposition is beyond doubt. For family members of alcoholics, the risk of developing this pathology is approximately 7 times higher than for people in whose families there were no alcoholics. In this regard, there are two types of alcoholism:

Type I alcoholism develops under the influence of both external and internal (genetic factors). This type of disease is characterized by early onset (young or teenage years), develops only in men and is severe.

Type II alcoholism develops purely due to a person’s genetic predisposition to this type of disease and, unlike type I alcoholism, begins later and is not accompanied by aggressive behavior and criminal tendencies of patients. (Donald Guavin, Alcoholism, p. 34).

2 . Ways to solve problems of alcoholism

Alcoholism is not a habit, but a disease. The habit is controlled by the mind, and you can get rid of it. Alcohol addiction is more difficult to overcome due to the poisoning of the body. About 10 percent of people who drink alcohol become alcoholics. Alcoholism is a disease characterized by mental and physical changes in the body. Alcoholism develops according to this pattern.

Initial phase: intoxication with loss of memory, “eclipse.” A person constantly thinks about alcohol, it seems to him that he has not drunk enough, he drinks for future use, and he develops a greed for alcohol. However, he remains conscious of his guilt and avoids talking about his craving for alcohol.

Critical phase: loss of self-control after the first sip of alcohol. The desire to find an excuse for his drinking, resistance to all attempts to prevent his desire to drink. A person develops arrogance and aggressiveness. He blames others for his troubles. He starts drinking, and random drinking buddies become his friends. He is forced to leave his permanent job and loses interest in everything that has nothing to do with alcohol.

Chronic phase: daily hangover, personality disintegration, memory loss, confusion of thought. A person drinks alcohol substitutes, technical liquids, and cologne. He develops groundless fears, delirium tremens, and other alcoholic psychoses.

One of the characteristic complications during binge drinking is delirium tremens.

Delirium tremens is the most common alcoholic psychosis. It usually occurs in a state of hangover, when the drunkard develops unaccountable fear, insomnia, trembling hands, nightmares (chases, attacks, etc.), auditory and visual deceptions in the form of noises, calls, and the movement of shadows. Symptoms of delirium tremens are especially pronounced at night. The patient begins to experience vivid experiences of a frightening nature. He sees insects crawling around, rats, monsters, bandits attacking him, feels pain from bites, blows, hears threats.

He reacts violently to his hallucinations: he defends himself or runs to escape persecution. During the day, the hallucinations subside somewhat, although the patient remains agitated, his hands are shaking, he is fussy and cannot sit quietly in one place.

Another form of psychosis is alcoholic delirium. It also occurs after short-term drunkenness, but unlike delirium tremens, it is not accompanied by hallucinations. Such patients are haunted by obsessive thoughts. Most often this is a delusion of suspicion, persecution, and jealousy. A drunkard, for example, thinks that there is a conspiracy against him. Seeing no way out of this situation, he may commit suicide.

Bibliography

1. Babayan E.A., Gonopolsky M. Child and alcohol - M.: Vesma-T, 2001. - 168 p.

2. Great medical encyclopedia. / Ch. editor B.V. Petrovsky, Ed. 3rd. T.1-30. M. // Soviet Encyclopedia, 1974. 253 p.

3. Bratus B.S. Anatomy of personality / Bratus B.S. - M. Thought.

4. Eryshev O.F. Alcohol addiction: Formation, course, therapy / Eryshev O.F., Rybakova T.G. and others, - St. Petersburg: Elbi-SPb., 2002. - 193 p.

5. Korolenko Ts.P. Personality and alcoholism / Korolenko T.P., Zavyalov V.Yu. - Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1998. - 165 p.

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Quitting drinking: the simplest effective ways to get rid of alcohol addiction forever / author.-comp. V. Nadezhdina. - M.: AST; Minsk: Harvest, 2006. - 95 p.

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B 56.145.016
G 928
Gryaznov, A. N. Socio-psychological features of the lifestyle of alcoholics: [monograph] / A. N. Gryaznov, M. G. Rogov, L. V. Gruzd. - Kazan: Medicine, 2006. - 130, p.: schemes.

The authors of the book are psychologists and scientists. They were able to directly examine the lifestyle features of alcohol-dependent individuals and analyze the specifics of their value orientations. This topic is often touched upon in the press, but has not been systematically studied. The authors described the mechanisms of relationships between alcoholics both within their social group and in society as a whole. A separate chapter is devoted to the Society of Alcoholics Anonymous as a social group.

B 56.145.021
G 935

Goodwin D. W. Alcoholism / Donald W. Goodwin; [translated from English B. Pinsker]. - M.: JSC "Olympus Business". - 2002. - 224 p. - (Series "Facts").

History of alcoholism, heredity and other risk factors. Alcohol and behavior, alcohol and women. Other medical and psychological problems of drinking.

B 56.145.021
K 91

Kuhn, S. How to protect children from drugs and alcohol/ S. Kuhn, S. Schwartzwelder, W. Wilson; [transl. from English A. P. Ponamareva]. - M.: RIPOL CLASSIC, 2004. - 188 p.: ill. - (Doctor Spock's Library).

How to conduct a dialogue with a child, how to act so that he does not consider us “behind the times”, how to lead him to a conscious choice of freedom from drugs. Alcohol, nicotine, opiates, steroids, hallucinogens - just a small list of the temptations that await fragile souls. The book offers a tool for influencing a child, teenager, or young man, which is much stronger than prohibitive measures and compulsory treatment. Saying “I know” is a sure step towards saying “no” to drugs.

Mayurov, A. N. Lessons of culture and health. In 4 books: book. 3. Alcohol is a step into the abyss: textbook manual for students and teachers / A. N. Mayurov, Ya. A. Mayurov. - M.: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2004. - 203, p.

Role-playing games, food for thought, autogenic training, exercises and texts for home reading.

B 56.145.11

Melnikov, A.V. Alcoholism: a guide to recovery for drinkers and their loved ones: [Myths about alcohol. Mechanisms of addiction. Ways of healing] / A.V. Melnikov. - Ed. 2nd, add. - M.: Practical Medicine, 2007. - 271 p.

The book presents an effective program for getting rid of alcohol addiction. The causes and factors leading to the development of alcohol dependence are considered. The stages of the disease and its consequences are described, and clinical examples are given. In separate chapters, the author discusses treatment issues as integral parts of the process of getting rid of addiction and preventing relapses. For a wide range of readers who are faced with this problem, as well as doctors and psychologists.

B 56.145.021
M 619

Minko, A. N. Alcohol disease: the latest reference book/ A. I. Minko, I. V. Linsky. - M.: Eksmo, 2004. - 255 p.

Primary and secondary prevention, figures, facts. Factors in the formation of the personality of an alcoholic.

Teenage alcohol addiction. Health disorders and behavior caused by the consumption of alcohol, its surrogates, and beer.

B 57.336.145.1
P 436

Pogosov, A. V. Beer alcoholism in adolescents: clinic, transformation into other forms of addiction, prevention: [manual] / A.V. Pogosov, E.V. Anosova. - M.: GEOTAR-Media, 2014 . - 231 p.

Alcoholism, including complicated by drug addiction. Features of the formation of addiction in adolescents. Preventive measures: psychoeducational programs.

B 51.1(2),592

"We hardly drink...", or Delayed drunkenness: (about beer alcoholism) / [compiled by N. Boyko]. - . - Moscow: Native Country, 2009. - 133, p. - (Security of Russia. Psychoactive addictions).

B 56.145.021
C 249

Svishcheva, T.Ya. How to get rid of bad habits: alcoholism: smoking: drug addiction: Indiscriminate sex / Tamara Svishcheva. - M.; St. Petersburg: Dilya, 2000. - 221, p.

This book will tell you not only how to deal with the disease, but will also answer the question of why a person becomes its victim. New knowledge will allow you to switch to a healthy lifestyle in order to live fully and joyfully without illnesses and old age! Life, which we receive as a gift only once, is beautiful and unique. Unfortunately, we do not appreciate it while we are healthy.

B 56.145.021

Khachikyan, Kh. K. We can cure alcoholism!/ Kh. K. Khachikyan, A. V. Belov. - Rostov n/d.: Phoenix, 2005. - 283 p.: ill. - (Be healthy!).

Alcoholism is a family disease. It is surmountable, the authors say. They give techniques for giving up alcohol that will help in the unity of three forces: doctor - patient - family. The publication will provide an opportunity to acquire knowledge and skills that will facilitate the provision of qualified assistance to a loved one.

Golenkov, A. V. Experience teaching alcoholism issues to medical students/ A. V. Golenkov // Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after. S.S. Korsakov. - 2013. - No. 6. - P.75-79.

Classics of Russian medicine about the effects of alcohol and alcoholism[Electronic resource]: favorites. works / comp. V. S. Vorobiev. - M.: Medicine, 1988. - 304 p.: ill.

Ivanikova, M. V. History of the temperance movement in pre-revolutionary Russia/ M. V. Ivannikova // Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology named after. V. M. Bekhtereva. - 2009. - No. 4. P.87-90.

Patriarch Nikon, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Catherine II, Nicholas I... Who else contributed “to the fight for sobriety”? About Domostroy, about state anti-alcohol activities, about temperance societies in Rus'. An interesting and memorable article by M. V. Ivannikova is about this and much more. It discusses the emergence of alcoholism in Russia, methods of combatings with him. The historical excursion is of a political and economic nature and relates to the areas of production, sale and consumption of alcohol in Russia.

"NarkoNet: Russia without drugs"- a monthly color illustrated magazine on the problems of preventing bad habits, combining the efforts of public and government organizations to create a healthy society. Projects, competitions, prevention programs. Russian and foreign experience.

Children with developmental and behavioral disorders: list of references / Nat. b-ka Rep. Karelia, Information and Library Center healthcare support; [comp. G.N.Milyutina]. - Petrozavodsk: National Library of the Republic of Karelia, 2005. - 56 p.

From the contents:

Internet resources

Ministry of Health

and social development of the Russian Federation

Ussuri Medical College

ALCOHOLISM

Executor:

Checked:

Ussuriysk 2010

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3

General characteristics of alcoholism as a disease…………………….....4

Pathogenesis of alcoholism and diagnosis…………………………………….6

Stages of development of alcoholism……………………………………………10

Methods of treating alcoholism…………………………………………...….13

Prevention of alcoholism……………………………………...……….17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

References……………………………………………………………20

Introduction

Drunkenness, alcoholism, and drug addiction are incompatible with a social way of life, the problem of establishing which is not of an abstract and abstract nature. It is connected with the everyday life of people and therefore arouses great interest of a very specific practical nature. Especially such a category as lifestyle, which reflects or characterizes the behavior of people in general.

A drinker lives and works among people, and the damage caused by alcohol abuse concerns a wide range of medical, social, moral and other problems of both the drinker himself and his family, production team, and society as a whole. Drunkenness and alcoholism give rise to many social problems, although the relationship between the degree of alcoholism and the frequency and severity of social problems is not always obvious and straightforward.

So, the subject of the study is the reasons that contribute to the occurrence of alcoholism. The object of the study is the problems of alcoholism, its treatment and prevention in modern society.

The purpose of the abstract is to characterize alcoholism – concept, pathogenesis, main stages of the disease, treatment and prevention.

General characteristics of alcoholism as a disease

Alcoholism is a disease with a progressive course, which is based on addiction to ethyl alcohol. In social terms, alcoholism means the abuse of alcoholic beverages (drunkenness), leading to a violation of moral and social norms of behavior, to damage to one’s own health, the material and moral state of the family, and also affecting the health and well-being of society as a whole. Alcohol abuse, according to WHO, is the third cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and cancer.

Firstly, severe intoxication (alcohol poisoning) is a common cause of death at a young age.

Secondly, with alcohol abuse, sudden “cardiac” death may occur due to primary cardiac arrest or cardiac arrhythmia (for example, atrial fibrillation).

Thirdly, alcohol abusers are more susceptible to injuries - domestic, industrial, and transport. Moreover, not only do they themselves suffer, but they can also contribute to the injury of others.

In addition, the risk of suicide among alcoholics increases tens of times compared to the general population. About half of murders are also committed while intoxicated.

For the early stages of alcoholism, diseases such as peptic ulcers, injuries, cardiovascular disorders are more typical, for later stages - cirrhosis of the liver, polyneuritis, and brain disorders. The high mortality rate among men is mainly due to the increase in alcoholism. 60-70% of men who abuse alcohol die before the age of 50.

The reasons for drinking alcohol are varied. One of them is the psychotropic effect of ethyl alcohol: euphoric (elevating mood), relaxing (relieving tension, relaxing) and sedative (calming, sometimes causing drowsiness). The need to achieve such an effect exists in many categories of people: people with a pathological character, those suffering from neuroses, poorly adapted to society, as well as those working with emotional and physical overload. In the formation of addiction to alcohol, a large role is played by the social environment, microclimate in the family, upbringing, traditions, the presence of traumatic situations, stress and the ability to adapt to them. The influence of hereditary factors that determine both characterological characteristics and predisposition to metabolic disorders is undeniable.

Pathogenesis of alcoholism and diagnosis

Pathogenetic mechanisms of action alcohol on the body are mediated by several types of ethanol action on living tissues and, in particular, on the human body. At the level of the central nervous system, ethyl alcohol acts as a narcotic substance. The main pathogenetic link of the narcotic effect of alcohol is the activation of various neurotransmitter systems , especially catecholamine And opiate system. At various levels of the central nervous system, these substances (catecholamines And endogenous opiates ) determine various effects, such as increasing the threshold of pain sensitivity, the formation of emotions and behavioral reactions . Disruption of the activity of these systems due to chronic alcohol consumption causes the development of alcohol dependence , withdrawal syndrome , changing the critical attitude towards alcohol, etc.

When alcohol oxidizes in the body, a toxic substance is formed - acetaldehyde. , causing the development of chronic intoxication of the body. Acetaldehyde has a particularly strong toxic effect on the walls of blood vessels (stimulates the progression of atherosclerosis ) , liver tissue ( alcoholic hepatitis ), brain tissue ( alcoholic encephalopathy ).

In addition, ethyl alcohol has a pronounced pro-aggregating property (increases the stickiness of red blood cells ), which leads to the formation of microthrombi and significant microcirculation disorders in all organs And body tissues. This explains the toxic effect of ethanol on the heart , kidneys Chronic alcohol consumption leads to atrophy of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract and the development of vitamin deficiency .

To establish a diagnosis of alcoholism in Russia, the patient is determined to have the following symptoms:

There is no vomiting reaction to drinking large amounts of alcohol;

Loss of control over the amount of drinking;

Partial retrograde amnesia ;

Presence of withdrawal syndrome

- binge drinking

A more accurate diagnostic scale is established by ICD-10:

10.0 10.0 Acute intoxication

The diagnosis is basic only when intoxication is not accompanied by more persistent disorders. You should also consider:

Dose level;

Concomitant organic diseases;

Social circumstances (behavioral disinhibition during holidays, carnivals);

The time that has passed since the use of the substance.

This diagnosis excludes alcoholism. Pathological intoxication falls into the same category .

10.1 10.1 Use with harmful consequences

Health-damaging drinking patterns. The harm can be physical (hepatitis, etc.) or mental (for example, secondary depression after alcoholism). Diagnostic signs:

The presence of direct damage caused to the mental or physical condition of the consumer;

Additionally, the diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of negative social consequences.

Harmful use should not be diagnosed in the presence of a more specific form of alcohol use disorder. This diagnosis also excludes alcoholism.

10.2 10.2 Dependency syndrome

A combination of physiological, behavioral and cognitive phenomena in which alcohol consumption begins to take first place in the patient’s value system. For diagnosis, the presence of at least 3 of the symptoms that occurred during the year is necessary:

A strong need or need to drink alcohol.

Impaired ability to control alcohol use, i.e. initiation, cessation and/or dosage.

Cancellation states10.310.4.

Increasing tolerance.

Progressive forgetting of alternative interests in favor of alcoholism, increasing the time required to acquire, consume alcohol or recover from its effects.

Continued use of alcohol despite obvious harmful consequences, such as liver damage, depressive states after periods of intense use of the substance, decreased cognitive function due to alcoholism (it should be determined whether the patient was and could be aware of the nature and extent of the harmful consequences).

For most doctors, dependence syndrome is a sufficient reason for diagnosing alcoholism, but post-Soviet psychiatry is more strict.

Diagnosis 10.210.2 can be specified by the sign:

0 - currently abstinent;

1 - currently abstinent, but in conditions that exclude use (in a hospital, prison, etc.);

2 - currently under clinical supervision, on maintenance or replacement therapy;

3 - currently abstinent, but on treatment with aversive or blocking drugs (Teturam, lithium salts);

4 - currently using ethanol (active addiction);

5 - constant use (binge);

6 - episodic use (dipsomania).

10.3 10.3 , F 10.410.4 Cancellation states

A group of symptoms of varying combination and severity, manifested upon complete or partial cessation of alcohol intake after repeated, usually long-term and/or massive (in high doses) consumption. The onset and course of the withdrawal syndrome are limited in time and correspond to the doses immediately preceding abstinence.

Withdrawal syndrome is characterized by mental disorders (eg, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder). Sometimes they can be caused by a conditioned stimulus in the absence of immediately preceding use. Withdrawal syndrome is one of the manifestations of addiction syndrome.

The withdrawal state with delirium (10.410.4) is distinguished due to a different clinical picture and on the basis of a fundamental difference in the mechanism of its occurrence.

Stages of development of alcoholism

Alcoholism is a disease characterized by certain mental and somatic manifestations.

In the alcoholism clinic, three stages of the disease are distinguished. Their “classic” main symptoms are described below, which, however, may vary in each individual case.

The main stages of alcoholism are preceded by a prodromal period - at this stage there is no disease yet, but “domestic drunkenness” is present. A person drinks alcohol “according to the situation,” usually with friends, but rarely gets drunk to the point of memory loss or other serious consequences. As long as the “prodrome” stage has not turned into alcoholism, a person will be able to stop drinking alcoholic beverages for any time without harm to his psyche. During prodrome, a person in most cases is indifferent to whether there will be drinking in the near future or not. Having drunk in company, a person, as a rule, does not demand further drinking, and then does not drink on his own. However, with daily drinking, as a rule, the prodrome stage naturally turns into the first stage of alcoholism after 6-12 months. However, cases of the disease occurring during a very short prodrome have been described, which is typical for asthenics.

The first stage of alcoholism. Duration from 1 year to 5 years.

At this stage of the disease, the patient develops a mental dependence syndrome: constant thoughts about alcohol, increased mood in anticipation of drinking, a feeling of dissatisfaction when sober. Pathological attraction to alcohol manifests itself in a situationally determined form. “Craving” for alcoholic beverages occurs in situations related to the opportunity to drink: family events, professional holidays.

A syndrome of altered reactivity appears in the form of growing tolerance. Alcohol tolerance increases, the ability to take high doses daily appears, vomiting during an alcohol overdose disappears, palimpsests appear (forgetting individual episodes of the period of intoxication). With mild alcohol intoxication, mental functions accelerate, but some of them with a loss of quality.

The patient's quantitative control decreases and the sense of proportion is lost. Following the initial doses of alcoholic drinks and the appearance of mild intoxication, a desire to continue drinking arises. The patient drinks to the point of moderate or severe intoxication.

The remaining symptoms of alcoholism at its first stage do not yet have time to form. There is no physical dependence on alcohol; the consequences of alcoholism may be limited to asthenic manifestations and neurological dysfunction.

Second stage of alcoholism. Duration 5-15 years.

At this stage, all the above symptoms become more severe. The pathological attraction to alcohol becomes more intense and arises not only in connection with “alcoholic situations”, but also spontaneously. Patients are more likely to find their own motivations for alcoholism than to use appropriate situations.

Tolerance during the formation of the second stage continues to increase, reaches a maximum, and then remains constant over a number of years. Alcohol amnesia becomes systematic, individual episodes of a significant part of the period of intoxication are forgotten.

During this period of the disease, the form of alcohol abuse changes. This may be expressed in a tendency to periodic or constant abuse of alcohol throughout the disease. In the first case, frequent single drinks are replaced by binges. Binge drinking is characterized by periods of daily drinking, the duration of which can range from a few days to several weeks.

Physical dependence on alcohol appears. An abrupt end to drunkenness is accompanied by withdrawal symptoms: tremors of the limbs, nausea, vomiting, lack of appetite, insomnia, dizziness and headache, pain in the heart and liver.

An alcoholic experiences mental changes. The level of personality decreases, creative possibilities are lost, and intelligence is weakened. Psychopathization and delusional ideas of jealousy appear. In the future, this can develop into persistent delirium, which is extremely dangerous for the patient and his loved ones.

The third stage of alcoholism. Duration 5-10 years.

All manifestations of the second stage - pathological craving for alcohol, loss of quantitative control, withdrawal syndrome, alcoholic amnesia - undergo further development and manifest themselves in the form of the most severe clinical variants.

Intense attraction is also manifested by a loss of situational control (there is no criticism of the place, circumstances, company of drinking buddies), which is facilitated by the ensuing loss of intellectual capabilities.

The main sign of the transition of alcoholism to the third stage is a decrease in tolerance to alcohol; the patient gets drunk from smaller doses of alcohol than usual. The activating effect of alcoholic drinks is reduced, they only moderately level out the tone, almost every alcoholic intoxication ends in amnesia.

Physical dependence and uncontrollable attraction determine the life of the patient; the lack of quantitative control combined with decreased tolerance often leads to fatal overdoses.

Treatment methods for alcoholism

At the 1st stage of alcoholism treatment, detoxification therapy is carried out, usually in cases where a hangover syndrome is pronounced upon admission to the hospital or it is necessary to interrupt the binge. Various means are used for detoxification, mainly using the parenteral route of administration (intravenous or intramuscular). They use unithiol, magnesium sulfate, vitamins B1, B6, C, nootropics (nootropil, piracetam, pyrroxan). For severe mental disorders, tranquilizers (seduxen, relanium, phenazepam, tazepam) are prescribed. For sleep disorders, radedorm is used, and in cases of insomnia with nightmares, fear, anxiety - barbiturates (barbamyl, luminal). The patient is recommended to drink plenty of fluids (mineral water, juices, fruit drinks) with the simultaneous prescription of diuretics. In case of severe somatic disorders (diseases of internal organs), the patient is consulted by a therapist and additionally prescribed treatment aimed at eliminating certain disorders. You need a high-calorie, vitamin-rich diet. If the patient is severely exhausted, small (4-6 units) doses of insulin are prescribed to increase appetite.

When a good state, mental and somatic, is achieved, anti-alcohol treatment is carried out. The choice is made together with the patient and his relatives, the essence and consequences of the proposed methods are explained. Throughout the entire treatment process, psychotherapy should be used to help develop the patient’s attitude towards treatment and a sober lifestyle. Treatment will be effective only when the patient trusts the doctor, when the necessary contact, mutual understanding and trust have been established.

One of the treatment methods is conditioned reflex therapy. The essence of the method is to develop a conditioned reflex reaction in the form of vomiting to the taste or smell of alcohol. This is achieved by the combined use of emetics (ram decoction, apomorphine injections) and small amounts of alcohol. Treatment is carried out daily or every other day. The course of treatment is 20-25 sessions. Conditioned reflex therapy is most effective in patients in stage 1 and especially in women, who usually do not tolerate vomiting well and react with disgust to the treatment procedure itself.

Method of sensitizing therapy. Its purpose is to suppress the desire for alcohol and create conditions for forced abstinence from drinking alcohol. The patient is given the drug Antabuse (Teturam) daily, which in itself is harmless. However, when alcohol (even a small amount of beer or wine) enters the body, an interaction reaction occurs, the consequences of which can be very severe and unpredictable. One of the options for this type of therapy is to create a drug depot in the body, for which the drug Esperal is implanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly (usually in the gluteal region). Esperal consists of 10 tablets, coated with a special coating, sealed in a sterile bottle. A reaction to the drug in the body occurs only when drinking alcohol. Possible fatalities. The patient is warned about the possible consequences of violating the sobriety regime, about which he gives a receipt, which, in turn, is a legal document for the doctor that justifies his actions.

Psychotherapy is used from the patient’s first visit to the doctor and accompanies the entire treatment process. Explanatory psychotherapy is aimed at explaining the essence of the disease, its harm and harmful consequences, developing an attitude towards treatment and a long-term sober lifestyle. The patient must understand that he is no longer able to drink “like everyone else” and that he cannot do without the help of a doctor. In addition to explanatory psychotherapy, other techniques are also used.

Hypnotherapy (hypnosis) is suggestion in a state of hypnotic sleep. Indicated for patients who are easily suggestible and believe in the effectiveness of this method. It is used both individually and in specially selected groups (group hypnosis).

A special type of psychotherapy is coding. The methods are copyrighted, to which doctors have exclusive rights.

Group rational psychotherapy. For this type of treatment, a small group of patients (about 10 people) is selected, united by a common psychological and social problem, which helps to establish emotional connections between them, a sense of mutual trust, and belonging to a special group. Patients discuss with the doctor and among themselves a variety of life problems, primarily related to alcoholism. Joint discussion of various issues allows patients to look at themselves differently and evaluate their behavior. A special environment of mutual respect and trust allows you to develop a certain lifestyle, with other (sober) attitudes and aspirations, to believe in yourself and your capabilities.

Remissions and relapses. After discharge from the hospital, the most difficult for the patient are the first 1-2 months, when they have to adapt to the new role of a teetotaler. During this period, it is necessary to rehabilitate yourself at work, improve relationships in the family, and compose a “legend” for your drinking buddies as an excuse for a sober lifestyle. Moral support in the family, from friends, and employees is a necessary condition for the establishment of high-quality remission.

The craving for alcohol can persist for quite a long time, depending on the severity of the disease. It is usually accompanied by the same vegetative and mental disorders that were observed during a hangover. Therefore, such a condition that occurs against the background of absolute sobriety is called pseudo-withdrawal syndrome. The patient becomes irritable, agitated, “breaks down” on his wife and children, and finds no place for himself. Upon discharge, the doctor usually gives recommendations on what to do in such cases so that there is no “breakdown” - a return to drinking. If there are no recommendations, you need to consult a doctor and, possibly, undergo a preventive course of treatment.

Prevention of alcoholism

Prevention is a system of complex - state and public, socio-economic and health-sanitary, psycho-pedagogical and psycho-hygienic measures aimed at preventing the disease, at comprehensively strengthening the health of the population.

All preventive measures can be divided into social, socio-medical and medical, which are distinguished by specific goals, means and effect.

All preventive measures are divided into three types: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (terminology of the World Health Organization).

Primary, or predominantly social, prevention is aimed at preserving and developing conditions conducive to health, and at preventing the adverse effects of social and natural environmental factors on it.

Primary prevention of alcoholism consists in preventing the negative impact of alcoholic customs in the microsocial environment, forming among the population (especially the younger generation) such moral and hygienic beliefs that would exclude and displace the very possibility of any forms of alcohol abuse.

The basis of primary prevention of alcoholism is a healthy lifestyle. The leading task of primary prevention is to reduce the incidence of new problems associated with alcohol use, primarily to prevent their occurrence.

Secondary prevention of alcoholism consists of identifying groups of the population that are most vulnerable to alcoholism and patients, implementing therapeutic measures as early, fully and comprehensively as possible, improving the microsocial soil, and using the entire system of educational measures in the team and family.

Tertiary prevention of alcoholism “is aimed at preventing the progression of the disease and its complications, and is implemented in anti-relapse, maintenance therapy, and social rehabilitation measures.

All measures to eradicate drunkenness and alcoholism can be divided into two leading areas.

1) Corrective direction.

It consists in a direct impact on the drinking habits of the environment and the alcoholic behavior of individuals, on the policy regarding prices and the organization of trade in alcoholic beverages, on the administrative and legal regulation of measures to prevent alcoholism. The content of this direction is to break the links in the chain of development of alcoholization from alcoholic customs to signs of alcoholic illness, to create conditions for fostering a sober lifestyle.

2) Compensating direction.

It is associated with a change in the entire plane of everyday social relations on which alcoholic customs are located, with their displacement and replacement with more perfect, healthy ones. This direction is manifested by the formation in the younger generation of such moral qualities that counteract the emergence of social deviations in their consciousness, activities and behavior.

Conclusion

In conclusion, let's summarize the work.

Alcoholism is characterized as a disease with the manifestation of a painful addiction to drinking alcoholic beverages and alcohol-induced damage to internal organs. Alcoholism causes degradation of a person as an individual.

In everyday life and historically, alcoholism is a condition that leads to the constant consumption of alcoholic beverages, despite health problems and negative social consequences.

Drinking alcohol causes alcoholism (as it should by definition), but this does not mean that all use of alcohol leads to alcoholism. The development of alcoholism strongly depends on the volume and frequency of alcohol consumption, as well as individual factors and characteristics of the body. Some people are at greater risk of developing alcoholism due to specific socioeconomic backgrounds, emotional and or mental predispositions, and hereditary factors.

Alcoholism, as a disease, has its own pathogenesis, diagnostic features and stages of development.

There are several key points in the treatment of alcoholism. Drug treatment is used to suppress alcohol dependence and eliminate disorders caused by chronic alcohol intoxication. Methods of psychological influence on the patient help to consolidate the patient’s negative attitude towards alcohol and prevent relapses of the disease. Methods for the prevention of alcoholism and social rehabilitation of already sick people play an important role.

Bibliography

Minko A.I. Alcohol disease: The newest reference book. - M.: Eksmo, 2004.

Tkhostova A. Sh., Elshansky S. P. Psychological aspects of addictions. - M.: Nauch.mir, 2003.

Friedman L. S. Narcology. - M., 2000.

Tsygankov B. D. Emergency conditions in narcology. - M.: Medpraktika-M, 2002.

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Ministry of Health

and social development of the Russian Federation

Ussuri Medical College

ALCOHOLISM

Executor:

Checked:

Ussuriysk 2010

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3

1. General characteristics of alcoholism as a disease……………………….....4

2. Pathogenesis of alcoholism and diagnosis…………………………………...….6

3. Stages of development of alcoholism………………………………………………………10

4. Methods of treating alcoholism…………………………………………...….13

5. Prevention of alcoholism……………………………………...……….17

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….19

References……………………………………………………………20

Introduction

So, the subject of the study is the reasons that contribute to the occurrence of alcoholism. The object of the study is the problems of alcoholism, its treatment and prevention in modern society.

The purpose of the abstract is to characterize alcoholism – concept, pathogenesis, main stages of the disease, treatment and prevention.

1. General characteristics of alcoholism as a disease

Firstly, severe intoxication (alcohol poisoning) is a common cause of death at a young age.

Secondly, with alcohol abuse, sudden “cardiac” death may occur due to primary cardiac arrest or cardiac arrhythmia (for example, atrial fibrillation).

Thirdly, alcohol abusers are more susceptible to injuries - domestic, industrial, and transport. Moreover, not only do they themselves suffer, but they can also contribute to the injury of others.

In addition, the risk of suicide among alcoholics increases tens of times compared to the general population. About half of murders are also committed while intoxicated.

2. Pathogenesis of alcoholism and diagnosis

To establish a diagnosis of alcoholism in Russia, the patient is determined to have the following symptoms:

There is no vomiting reaction to drinking large amounts of alcohol;

Loss of control over the amount of drinking;

Partial retrograde amnesia ;

Presence of withdrawal syndrome

- binge drinking

A more accurate diagnostic scale is established by ICD-10:

F 10.0 10.0 Acute intoxication

The diagnosis is basic only when intoxication is not accompanied by more persistent disorders. You should also consider:

Dose level;

Concomitant organic diseases;

Social circumstances (behavioral disinhibition during holidays, carnivals);

The time that has passed since the use of the substance.

This diagnosis excludes alcoholism. Pathological intoxication falls into the same category .

F 10.1 10.1 Use with harmful consequences

Health-damaging drinking patterns. The harm can be physical (hepatitis, etc.) or mental (for example, secondary depression after alcoholism). Diagnostic signs:

The presence of direct damage caused to the mental or physical condition of the consumer;

Additionally, the diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of negative social consequences.

Harmful use should not be diagnosed in the presence of a more specific form of alcohol use disorder. This diagnosis also excludes alcoholism.

F 10.2 10.2 Dependency syndrome

A strong need or need to drink alcohol.

Impaired ability to control alcohol use, i.e. initiation, cessation and/or dosage.

Cancellation states10.310.4.

Increasing tolerance.

Progressive forgetting of alternative interests in favor of alcoholism, increasing the time required to acquire, consume alcohol or recover from its effects.

For most doctors, dependence syndrome is a sufficient reason for diagnosing alcoholism, but post-Soviet psychiatry is more strict.

Diagnosis F 10.2 10.2 can be specified by the sign:

0 - currently abstinent;

1 - currently abstinent, but in conditions that exclude use (in a hospital, prison, etc.);

2 - currently under clinical supervision, on maintenance or replacement therapy;

3 - currently abstinent, but on treatment with aversive or blocking drugs (Teturam, lithium salts);

4 - currently using ethanol (active addiction);

5 - constant use (binge);

6 - episodic use (dipsomania).

F 10.3 10.3 , F 10.4 10.4 Cancellation states

Withdrawal state with delirium ( F 10.4 10.4) are isolated due to a different clinical picture and on the basis of a fundamental difference in the mechanism of its occurrence.

3. Stages of development of alcoholism

Alcoholism is a disease characterized by certain mental and somatic manifestations.

In the alcoholism clinic, three stages of the disease are distinguished. Their “classic” main symptoms are described below, which, however, may vary in each individual case.

The first stage of alcoholism. Duration from 1 year to 5 years.

Second stage of alcoholism. Duration 5-15 years.

The third stage of alcoholism. Duration 5-10 years.

Physical dependence and uncontrollable attraction determine the life of the patient; the lack of quantitative control combined with decreased tolerance often leads to fatal overdoses.

4. Treatment methods for alcoholism

A special type of psychotherapy is coding. The methods are copyrighted, to which doctors have exclusive rights.

5. Prevention of alcoholism

All preventive measures can be divided into social, socio-medical and medical, which are distinguished by specific goals, means and effect.

All preventive measures are divided into three types: primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (terminology of the World Health Organization).

All measures to eradicate drunkenness and alcoholism can be divided into two leading areas.

1) Corrective direction.

2) Compensating direction.

Conclusion

In conclusion, let's summarize the work.

In everyday life and historically, alcoholism is a condition that leads to the constant consumption of alcoholic beverages, despite health problems and negative social consequences.

Alcoholism, as a disease, has its own pathogenesis, diagnostic features and stages of development.

Bibliography

1. Minko A.I. Alcohol disease: The newest reference book. - M.: Eksmo, 2004.

2. Tkhostova A. Sh., Elshansky S. P. Psychological aspects of addictions. - M.: Nauch.mir, 2003.

3. Friedman L. S. Narcology. - M., 2000.

4. Tsygankov B. D. Emergency conditions in narcology. - M.: Medpraktika-M, 2002.

Used literature on the topic of alcohol intoxication clinic. Coursework: Alcoholism as a social problem

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