Contusion of the head in the war. Contusion: causes and consequences

Contusion of the eye is a mechanical lesion of the eyeball, which can provoke the impact of many causes. According to ophthalmologists, it is this type of injury that becomes a catalyst for the development of many pathologies of the organs of vision. Fortunately, this problem can be solved very simply if therapeutic actions were started in a timely manner. However, in order for the therapy of contusion of the eye to be as effective as possible, it is necessary to correctly classify the type of lesion and appropriate therapy.

Before considering the varieties of the disease and their therapy, it is necessary to study the general characteristics of the disease.

Contusion of the eye - damage to the organs of vision, due to the impact on it of heavy blunt objects or mechanical force of high intensity. Contusion of the eye of microbial 10 is indicated by the code S05 and is one of the most dangerous injuries of the eyeball.

Depending on the cause of the syndrome, it is customary to distinguish between direct and indirect contusion. Direct trauma may occur due to the impact of mechanical force directly on the eyeball. This can be a fall or a blow with a heavy blunt object or a jet of water. Indirect contusion occurs as a result of damage to the areas around the eye.

As a rule, the symptomatology of the disease directly depends on the type of lesion. It is customary to distinguish the following classification of contusion:

1. Contusion of the eye of the 1st degree is a short-term traumatic disruption of the eye. After therapeutic intervention, the functions of the eye are fully restored, without any residual effects. Varieties: swelling of the cornea, clouding of the retina.
2. Grade 2 - persistent and significant dysfunction of the eye, which can lead to a slight decrease in visual acuity. Varieties: corneal erosion, retinal tears, hemorrhages.
3. Grade 3 - a severe bruise of the eyeball, which can cause a drop in vision by more than half. Varieties: ruptures of the eyelid, retina, pathology of the lens.
4. Grade 4 is considered a particularly severe form. It can cause complete loss of vision of the damaged eyeball.

It is important to remember that in the event of the appearance of the main symptoms of a contusion, an appeal to a medical institution should be carried out immediately. Neglect of therapy can lead to the development of severe pathologies that can lead to partial or complete loss of vision.

Types of pathologies of the eyeball and their therapy

The type of therapy for eye contusion depends, as a rule, on which part of the organ of vision was damaged.

One of the most common types of this disease is damage to the cornea. As part of this type of lesion, minor erosions can be visualized, which can increase in size within a week. Symptoms of damage to the cornea can be a drop in visual acuity, photophobia, uncontrolled lacrimation, sensation of a foreign body in the eye, blephaspasm. Therapy for this condition is carried out with the use of stimulants that accelerate the recovery of the cornea. Blephospasm is treated with lidocaine blockade along the temporal artery.

With particularly severe lesions of the cornea, contusion of the eye of the 3rd degree may develop. Thus, there is a complete destruction of the endometrium with the penetration of purulent contents deep into the stroma. At this stage, clouding of the eye of a grayish tint is visualized. In this case, more radical therapy, up to surgical intervention, may be needed.

If the lens is damaged, a traumatic cataract can be traced. This syndrome is caused by clouding of the lens due to its dislocation. Within 5 to 10 days, there may be an increase in the volume of fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye, with visible bruising. Therapy in this case should be aimed at restoring the function of the lens, followed by stabilization of the fluid level.

One of the most severe types of damage, which is the most difficult to treat, is retinal injury. As part of this damage, clouding of the eye can be observed, which causes inflammation of the internal structure of the retina. As a rule, if the injury is minor, the structure of the eye and vision are restored fairly quickly without outside help.

If we are talking about severe lesions of the retina, such as contusion of the eye of the 2nd degree, then there is a significant drop in visual acuity and multiple bruises can be visualized. Treatment in this case is to eliminate bloody components and normalize blood circulation in this area. At the same time, the likelihood that vision will be fully restored after therapy is very small.

The consequences of the disease

Unfortunately, many people, not realizing the danger of eye contusion, treat this syndrome without due attention. Highly qualified ophthalmologists say that without proper diagnosis and medical care, even minor damage to the eyeball can have the most unpredictable and dangerous consequences.

If the patient has an eye contusion, the consequences may be as follows:

• severe lesions of the conjunctiva;
• iris injury;
• destruction of the cylindrical body of the eye;
• imbalance of the vitreous body;
• deformation of the fundus structure;
• destruction of the chord structure;
• injury to the optic nerve with further disruption of its work;
• contusions of various structures of the eye with further atrophy of their structure;
• a defect in the operation of the ciliary body with a violation of its structure and a partial loss of functionality.

In order to prevent the development of these consequences, it is necessary to contact a medical institution immediately after the injury. There is absolutely no time to waste in this situation! Neglecting an injury can be dangerous to the health of the patient and have irreversible consequences.

Contusion of the eye is a lesion of the eye, which can be fraught with a much greater danger than it seems at the very beginning of the pathology. If you have received a severe bruise in this area and have experienced all the symptoms of contusion, contacting a medical facility should be immediate. In a sterile outpatient setting, an ophthalmologist will be able to correctly determine the type of lesion, its severity and prescribe appropriate therapy. Take care of yourself and be healthy!

The term "contusion" in translation from Latin means "bruise". A more precise definition of shell shock reads: a general damage to the human body due to a sharp strong mechanical impact (water, sound from an air wave, hitting water or ground, and so on), which is not always accompanied by damage to tissues and organs. This phenomenon is characterized by loss of consciousness from short periods of time to prolonged coma. The characteristic symptoms of contusion are amnesia, dizziness, loss of consciousness, headaches, hearing and vision disorders. After a severe concussion, a person may lose hearing and vision, as well as fall into a long coma with impaired body functions. As a rule, the type of pathology depends on the damaged organ: brain contusion, eye contusion, etc.

The consequences of a contusion can be varied: from temporary loss of vision, hearing and speech with further partial or full recovery to severe mental disorders.

Causes of contusion

This phenomenon can be the result of severe bruises with powerful changes in atmospheric pressure, a strong blast wave, vibration, and so on.

A contusion can be the result of a fall from a great height, hitting the body flat on the water surface, blockage with dense heavy materials.

Contusion symptoms

It is hard for many to imagine how a person can get a general bruise of the body. The fact is that when exposed to a powerful blast wave, the air comes into contact with the body with tremendous force. Despite the fact that this impulse is uniform, each organ reacts to it differently. Most often, the brain and nervous system are damaged, which leads to serious consequences of concussion.

With a mild form of exposure, a person may lose consciousness. This state can last for several seconds or several hours, after which all body functions are fully restored. Actually, there are no other symptoms with such a concussion. If the impact is too intense, then the person may die on the spot. The consequences of a severe form of contusion can be expressed both by the corresponding symptoms and respiratory disorders, the work of the cardiovascular system. Sometimes there is a complete cessation of breathing after contusion and death. In most cases, violations in the body of moderate and severe severity are combined with bone fractures, ruptures and bruises of internal organs, and concussion.

brain contusion

Contusion of the brain is especially dangerous for people, since general disorders often develop, such as loss of consciousness, circulatory and respiratory disorders, as well as lesions of the brain tissue.

Contusion of the anterior and posterior central gyri in the left hemisphere leads to sensory disturbances, paralysis and various disorders. If the temporal or frontal left side is affected, speech may be impaired. A contusion of the brain is often accompanied by hemorrhages and compression of the brain tissue by blood that has flowed from the vessels of the brain.

A person feels the signs of defeat even at the moment of a concussion or bruise. There are also bleeding from the nose and ears, deafness. In most cases, such a failure is reversible, but it is not known exactly when important body functions will be restored.

Often patients complain of acute and prolonged mental stress, headaches and dizziness, aggression and irritability. In some cases, vegetative disorders remain, in particular drowsiness, excessive sweating, heart palpitations, flushing of blood to the head, cyanosis of the hands, and some others.

eye contusion

Eye contusions are of two types:

• Direct - a blow to the eyeball with a large object, for example, a ball, a fist, a sliver when chopping firewood;
• Indirect - concussion of the body during a fall.

The degree of damage is affected by the force and direction of the impact, the mass and speed of the injuring object. As a result, after a contusion, a small hemorrhage may occur in the thickness of the eye, and with severe injuries, there is a high risk of rupture and destruction of the eyeball.

A strong blow to the eye leads to the fact that all the structures of the organ are shifted back. The eyeball itself is a closed structure that is filled with incompressible liquid content. Such a displacement during contusion provokes identical stretching of the fibrous capsule of the eye in breadth.

Contusion treatment

After the onset of a state of concussion, everything possible must be done to ensure the vital activity of a person who has lost consciousness. For example, hitting the water, unconscious, you can quickly choke and drown, so in this case we are talking not so much about the treatment of concussion, but rather about first aid in such a situation.

The victim should be put on his back face up, listen to breathing. If the latter is violated, artificial respiration should be urgently performed. Before this, it is imperative to make sure that foreign objects and substances have not accumulated in the person’s mouth and nose, for example, water, sand, earth. If the teeth are tightly clenched, you need to unclench them with the help of an improvised object - a knife, stick, etc. Then it is necessary to clean the nasopharynx from dirt, first with a finger, then with a clean piece of cloth and a paper towel. After that, you can start artificial respiration "mouth to mouth". In no case should you independently massage the heart through the chest, because with injuries to the internal organs, there is a high probability of aggravating the situation.

If the contusion is not severe, then the victim quickly comes to his senses and recovers. Treatment of concussion is to correct and eliminate the consequences of concussion.

With paralysis and paresis, the patient is prescribed physiotherapy exercises, and if speech is affected, speech therapy classes.

During the acute period immediately after injuries with head contusion, it is necessary to apply cold to the head and provide the patient with complete rest. In the presence of bleeding, a person needs urgent medical care, in particular, to stop bleeding and hospitalization for serious injuries.

After such stress, subject to the recovery of the body, it is better for the patient to give up work, stay in cramped and noisy rooms for a long time, and avoid conditions with high temperatures.

Baths with the addition of pine needles, hops, lemon balm, peony root and valerian have a beneficial effect.

brain contusion is a local disorder of brain activity that occurs due to severe mechanical damage to the head. The pathological condition causes a number of negative symptoms - from severe headache, nausea and short-term fainting to massive hemorrhages, paralysis of the limbs and deep coma. With untimely treatment, head contusion threatens with disability or death.

Contusion is a disorder of the brain that usually occurs as a result of head trauma.

Causes of brain contusion

Contusion (contusion) of the brain- This is a craniocerebral injury, as a result of which irreversible destruction of the brain substance is formed - contusion foci.

Serious factors provoke such a pathology:

• head injuries from explosions in emergency situations, in war, from strong blows during car or natural disasters;
• sudden and severe changes in atmospheric pressure;
• getting a person into difficult conditions associated with blockages of sand, an avalanche, stones;
• inflammatory processes in the meninges;
• a sharp increase in intracranial pressure as a result of pathological changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Contusion occurs with severe injuries of soft and bone tissues - fractures, cracks, severe crushing of the skull, ruptures of the skin of the head. Similar conditions affect the gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid.

Degrees and their symptoms

Signs of head contusion depend on the severity of the injuries received and manifest themselves in different ways.

Table "Degrees of brain injury, their clinical manifestations"

The state of stupor can be attributed to concussions

A person during a contusion suffers not only physically, but also mentally. Moderate and severe brain contusion is dangerous in the future for the psyche. A person has bouts of aggression, causeless panic, depression, irritability.

Treatment of brain contusion

A shell-shocked person is not able to recover from an injury on their own. Without proper treatment, there is a high probability of death of the patient or irreversible changes in the medulla.

First aid

Immediately after the concussion, before the arrival of the medical team, the victim is given first aid.

The following activities must be carried out:

• lay the patient on a flat surface, put folded things, a roller or pillow under the head;
• give artificial respiration if the victim is not breathing;
• turn the head to one side so that the patient does not choke on vomit;
• unfasten clothing that prevents the normal flow of air to the lungs;
• stop bleeding with an open craniocerebral injury, apply an antiseptic bandage;

If there is a contusion, the patient needs to do artificial respiration

Do not try to remove foreign objects or fragments of crushed bones from the wound. Heart massage is also excluded, as there is a risk of additional injury to a person and aggravate the condition.

Medications

Mild and moderate contusion is treated in a hospital with the help of medications. Therapy is based on several groups of drugs at once.

1. Nootropics - Nootropil, Dimanol, Pyritinol, Metadoxil - normalize blood circulation, nourish the brain with useful elements. The active ingredients protect the gray matter from lack of oxygen.
2. Antioxidants - Mexidol, Emoxipin, Glycine, Glutamic acid - contribute to the body's resistance in stressful situations, increase the ability to adapt to the external environment.
3. Anticonvulsants- Epilim, Valparin, Diplekchis, Apilepsin - prevent the occurrence of convulsions, a strong increase in muscle tissue tone. The drugs anesthetize and prevent the development of epileptic seizures. Means have a sedative effect, improve the emotional background of the patient.
4. Antihistamines- Suprastin, Tavegil, Diazolin - contribute to the normalization of histamine production and prevent a negative reaction of the body.
5. Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents- Spasmolgon, Pentalgin, Farmadol, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen - anesthetize the lesion, relieve headaches, produce an anti-inflammatory effect.

Pentalgin - anti-inflammatory drug for head injuries

Drug therapy is selected individually, taking into account the characteristics and degree of damage, the general condition of the patient and the presence of concomitant diseases.

other methods

In addition to drug treatment, a number of additional methods of treating a shell-shocked person are used.

1. Surgery- used for severe contusion. It is advisable in case of severe hemorrhage, in the presence of bone fragments and foreign objects in the wound and brain tissues. Surgical treatment helps to eliminate cerebral edema, compression of the medulla and normalize the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
2. Exercise therapy - therapeutic physical exercises aimed at restoring the work of the entire musculoskeletal system. This is part of the gradual adaptation of a shell-shocked person to the environment.
3. Psychotherapy - is required for patients who have been badly injured as a result of hostilities or disasters. helps to restore the emotional background of the patient, eliminate depression, attacks of aggression, depression, panic attacks.
4. required when the patient loses the ability to speak. The specialist helps to restore speech, eliminate stuttering.
5. Immunotherapy - is used to restore the body's defenses and increase the barrier to infections and bacteria.

With a concussion, speech may disappear, you will have to use speech therapy

After the main treatment, a shell-shocked person is recommended to undergo regular rehabilitation in special institutions - sanatoriums, balnearies. Soothing baths, relaxing massages, long walks in the fresh air, a calm and moderate lifestyle are the basis of rehabilitation after a contusion.

Consequences

A mild degree of contusion with proper and timely treatment leaves practically no consequences. Moderate and severe bruises of the brain as a result of an injury from a shell rupture, a grenade, or a blow from an explosive wave does not appear immediately, but gradually after several months.

With serious brain disorders, the consequences are expressed as follows:

• bouts of stuttering during excitement;
• severe headaches, dizziness;
• epilepsy;
• sleep disorder;
• violation of the heart rhythm;
• asthma attacks;
• cuts (weakening) of the muscles of the upper and lower extremities.

Symptoms appear both after a few months and after 5, 10, 20 years. What to do to reduce negative manifestations? Regular treatment, visits to sanatoriums, resorts, adherence to a healthy lifestyle helps well.

After a serious brain injury, years later, a person is periodically overcome by a depressive state, a feeling of uselessness, fatigue, and attacks of aggression. Changes in the psyche affect the family life - outbursts of anger, excessive irritability leads to scandals and fights, as a result of which families break up.

After trauma to the skull, which led to contusion, even after correction, depression is possible for some time

Alcohol can exacerbate the condition. Contusion and alcohol are incompatible concepts. Even small doses provoke serious changes in human behavior that cannot be predicted and controlled.

Brain damage resulting from contusion is a severe pathology, which in most cases leads to irreversible changes in the brain centers. A concussion is most often obtained in a war, in a car or plane crash, with sudden jumps in atmospheric pressure, pathogenic changes in the cerebrospinal fluid, inflammation of the meninges. Timely first aid and adequate therapy in the future can avoid the death of the patient. It is realistic to prevent complications in the future thanks to regular examinations, drug treatment, psychotherapy, and spa activities.

A contusion is the result of a mechanical influence of a different nature, a consequence of an injury. This pathology is often accompanied by damage to organs and tissues. Translated from Latin, contusion means bruise. A complete contusion is a contusion of the whole body. As a result of a contusion, the following symptoms develop: loss of consciousness, amnesia, pain in the head, dizziness, speech and hearing disorders. If a person has experienced a severe concussion, he may develop deafness, a prolonged coma is possible. Often such an injury is the result of a traffic accident, military operations, a fall from a height.

Injuries accompanying concussion

Usually extensive injuries are accompanied by such damage:

• cracks and fractures of the bones of the skull;
• crushing of bones;
• extensive wounds.

With a fracture of the bones of the base of the skull, the main symptom is bleeding from the ears and nose. This is due to simultaneous damage to the mucous membranes, blood vessels. There are also bruises in the eye area. Brain contusion has other signs that depend on the very cause of the injury. If the integrity of the brain is damaged, the patient urgently needs the help of a neurosurgeon.

Types and causes of concussion

This type of damage is classified into the following types:

• general contusion;
• severe concussion.

General - this is the result of a bruise of the whole body or its essential part. It is accompanied by memory loss, dizziness, loss of consciousness. In severe concussion, there is a disruption in the functioning of the systems and organs of the body, which is unpredictable.

Among other injuries, the two most common types are distinguished: contusion of the eye and brain. Contusion of the eye often leads to loss of vision, partial or complete. It can be direct, when the eyeball is directly damaged, and indirect, when the eye is damaged as a result of injuries to the body. A contusion of the brain leads to a disorder of the activity of the brain.

The causes of contusion of the eyes include a blow of great force to the eye area with its deformation, a change in the biochemistry of the eye fluid, a violation of the hemodynamics of the organ, a sharp increase in pressure. The causes of brain contusion include head trauma, inflammation of the brain, a jump in intracranial pressure, and violations of the biochemistry of the cerebrospinal fluid. These damages are caused by a fall from a great height, vibrations, a blast wave, atmospheric pressure drops, heavy objects falling on a person, blockage with stones.

Symptoms

It is difficult for an ordinary person to imagine an injury that is a bruise of the whole body. For example, consider the effect of a blast wave on the body. During the explosion, a powerful stream of air is produced, which interacts with the human body with great force. Despite the fact that in this case the force is distributed evenly, different human organs perceive it differently. Most of all, the brain and the entire nervous system are injured, which causes various consequences of concussion.

Thus, the main symptom, even with a slight lesion of the body, is loss of consciousness. It can last from a couple of seconds to several days. With a mild contusion, loss of consciousness is often the only symptom. If the contusion is severe, the victim may die without regaining consciousness. In severe injuries, other characteristic signs are added to the main symptom: a disorder of the respiratory and circulatory systems. This can cause cardiac and respiratory arrest and, as a result, lead to death. A severe contusion is always combined with complex injuries to the human body: fractures of the limbs, ribs, ruptures of internal organs, concussion of the brain.

Consequences of concussion

Often, when shells or grenades burst, when a contusion of the brain occurs as a result of exposure to an air wave, the consequences do not appear immediately, but after a certain time. The victim may feel them for several months after the incident. These delayed effects include headaches, dizziness, stuttering, shortness of breath, fear of loud noise, depression, tachycardia.

Often these symptoms are accompanied by psychogenic symptoms. These include sweating, epileptic seizures, hysterical states. The last symptom is quite common in people who have had a shell shock, months after the incident. This is due to the fact that the neurodynamic areas of the brain begin to work actively some time after recovery. First, the work of the subcortex is being established, and only then - the cerebral cortex. The areas of the second signaling system are the last ones to be activated.

Another consequence of contusion is the development of an asthenic condition. It can persist for many years and consists of fatigue, tearfulness, increased mental sensitivity, exhaustion. This is a fairly typical symptom, the appearance of which must be taken carefully. If this protracted condition is not removed in time, it can develop into a chronic form. Very often, people who have experienced a concussion are characterized by an overly sharp and painful reaction to life's difficulties, are prone to tantrums and require increased attention to themselves.

Therapeutic measures

The main task with the help of a shell-shocked person is to ensure the preservation of all his vital functions while he is in an unconscious state. In this situation, the victim needs help more than ever, and if it is provided correctly, the person will survive and recover.

First of all, the victim is laid face up. If there are signs that the respiratory function is impaired, artificial respiration is immediately started. Before this, it is necessary to examine the mouth and nose of the victim to make sure that the respiratory passages are clean. It often happens, especially during explosions, that sand and earth accumulate in these cavities.

If an unconscious person has tightly clenched teeth, it is necessary to unclench them using any suitable means - a spoon, a stick, and so on. If necessary, then clean the airways with your finger and then with a clean cloth. After that, you can begin to perform the artificial respiration procedure.
You need to know that the use of indirect heart massage in this situation is excluded. Since contusion is accompanied by multiple injuries, the implementation of such a procedure can lead to additional injuries to internal organs, displacement of broken bones. Transportation of such a patient is carried out with the help of a stretcher, in the prone position. A pillow should be under the head, and the patient's head should be tilted to one side.

The prognosis of the disease is relatively favorable: as a rule, if the contusion is not too severe and if it did not lead to immediate death, it passes quickly enough. This condition is treated well and with high-quality qualified assistance, you can quickly get rid of such consequences as stuttering and disorders of the nervous system. It is extremely important to provide assistance to the victim quickly, as soon as possible. Moral support is another mandatory attribute of a quick and complete recovery.

A brain contusion or contusion is a traumatic injury to any part of the brain substance that causes the development of neurological and psychopathological symptoms. Usually there are several of these zones. At the moment of impact, an area of ​​contusion occurs in the brain, corresponding to the place of application of force, then the brain is displaced and hits the hard bones of the skull with force, forming a second focus on the opposite side. Depending on the severity, contusions can range from mild, the manifestations of which are noticeable only with a thorough neurological examination, to gross violations, which can lead to disability or death of the victim.

The main causes of brain contusions are traffic accidents, street fights, injuries at home, falls from a height. Bruising of the substance of the brain can be obtained by loss of consciousness with a fall on a hard surface, during an attack of epilepsy. A significant proportion of patients at the time of injury is in a state of intoxication.

Symptoms of a brain injury

Depending on the interval of loss of consciousness, clinical manifestations and the severity of damage to the medulla, the severity of the bruise is distinguished:

1. Light degree, which is characterized by lack of consciousness from a minute to half an hour, headache, dizziness, constant nausea, single (rarely repeated) vomiting, loss of appetite, short-term memory loss for events before, during or after injury. Neurological symptoms are not pronounced: twitching of the eyeballs (nystagmus), pupils of different sizes (anisocoria), revival of reflexes, the appearance of pathological signs on one half of the body. There are no movement disorders in the limbs, vital functions (respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure) do not suffer. All symptoms disappear within 2-3 weeks.

2. Moderate injury: consciousness is absent from half an hour to 2-3 hours, headache is extremely intense, repeated vomiting, mental disorders in the form of attacks of excitement, aggression, or vice versa, lethargy, indifference, amnesia. There are short-term respiratory disorders, rapid or slow heartbeat, instability of blood pressure, an increase in body temperature up to 38 degrees. The duration of the acute stage is up to 1.5 months, after which there is a slow and often incomplete recovery of impaired functions.

Neurological symptoms are clearly identified, which completely depends on the localization of the pathological focus. It can be:

• paresis (weakness) or paralysis (complete lack of movement) of the limbs;
• increase in muscle tone;
• speech disorder;
• epileptic episodes;
• pronounced meningeal signs.

3. Severe contusion involves being unconscious for up to several weeks. At the same time, a violation of respiratory and cardiac activity is expressed, a person with a severe degree of bruising is connected to life support devices. There are attacks of psychomotor agitation, delirium, hallucinations, severe prolonged epileptic seizures. Severe neurological defects are observed. Often the patient dies without regaining consciousness, the survivors have severe consequences in the form of paresis, paralysis, and mental disorders.

Treatment for concussions

All patients with head injuries should be hospitalized in neurosurgical, neurological or trauma departments.

For mild to moderate contusions, treatment is often conservative:

• nootropics and neuroprotectors (encephabol, ceraxon);
• dehydration of the body (lasix, diacarb);
• antihistamines (suprastin, diphenhydramine).

Symptomatic therapy is prescribed in accordance with the existing complaints:

• analgesics (analgin, ibuprofen);
• antiemetics (metoclopramide);
• anticonvulsants (diazepam);
• lowering temperature (ibuprofen, paracetamol).

Treatment of a severe injury should be carried out in intensive care with monitoring of vital signs, if necessary, with connection to a ventilator. According to indications, a neurosurgical operation is performed to decompress the brain, stop bleeding, and remove dead brain tissue.